Estruma ovárico maligno con foco de carcinoma papilar / Malignant struma with ovarian carcinoma papillary spotlight

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El estruma ovárico es una variedad infrecuente de teratoma quístico. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 42 años de edad en quien durante una revisión ginecológica rutinaria se evidenció, por ecografía, un quiste anexial derecho complejo, bilobulado, de 10 cm compuesto por dos formaciones heterogéneas independientes, una de aspecto uniforme ecorrefringente de 52.6 mm y otra ecorrefringencia alternante de 36.7 mm. Se categorizó como teratoma quístico, lo que se confirmó por resonancia magnética nuclear. Se efectuó anexectomía derecha laparoscópica. El estudio anatomopatológico confirmó el diagnóstico microscópico de teratoma quístico maduro, que incluía a la tiroides (menos de 50% de todo el tumor), con un carcinoma papilar de patrón folicular (estruma ovárico). La cirugía ginecológica se complementó con histerectomía total, omentectomía, lavado peritoneal e inspección de la cavidad abdominal por vía laparotómica; se descartó la neoplasia residual. El estudio endocrinológico evidenció la normalidad de la tiroides y el diagnóstico ecográfico de un nódulo; posteriormente se confirmó que se trataba de hiperplasia benigna. Los marcadores tumorales tiroideos fueron negativos y, a pesar de ello, el comité de cáncer de tiroides acordó que se efectuara la tiroidectomía total y luego se indicara tratamiento con iodo radiactivo, sin evidenciar elementos neoplásicos malignos ni ganglios linfáticos afectados. CONCLUSIONES: Debido a la baja incidencia del estruma ovárico su tratamiento comprende a la cirugía ovárica y la tiroidectomía, y al yodo radioactivo en el caso de las variedades malignas; todo esto en un contexto de controversia consecuencia de la poca experiencia acumulada.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Struma ovarii represents a rare form of ovarial quistic teratom that contains thiroid tissue and affects mostly women between 40 and 60 years of age. Its diagnosis is based on the definitive pathological study of the piece, due to the fact that these kind of tumors lack any specific clinic and diagnostic features. CLINICAL CASE: 42 year old patient, in which during a routine gynecological examination a bilobed complex right adnexal cyst of 10 cm composed of two independent heterogeneous formations (a uniform appearance ecorrefringente of 52.6mm and one alternate ecorrefrigencia of 36.7 mm) is evidenced by ultrasound. It is categorized as cystic teratoma and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Adnexectomy is performed laparoscopically. The pathological study confirmed the microscopic diagnosis of mature cystic teratoma including thyroid tissue (less than 50% of the tumor) with papillary carcinoma follicular pattern: Struma Ovarii. Gynecological surgery was completed with a total hysterectomy, omentectomy, washing and inspection peritoneal abdominal cavity by laparotomy discarding residual neoplasia. Endocrinological study showed normal thyroid function and ultrasound diagnosis of a nodule: benign hyperplasia was confirmed later. Thyroid tumor markers were negative and despite this, the thyroid cancer committee agreed to perform a total thyroidectomy and a treatment with radioiodine, without evidence of malignant neoplastic elements and affected lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Its treatment is still controversial due to its low incidence, and includes not only ovarial surgery but also thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine therapy in the event of a malignant tumor.

Carcinoma folicular de tiroides mínimamente invasivo en edad pediátrica / Minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma in pediatric age

Los carcinomas de la glándula tiroides son poco usuales en edad pediátrica, pero su presencia ha aumentado durante los últimos años; posiblemente, debido al incremento en la irradiación de la cabeza, cuello y mediastino. Entre estas neoplasias, el carcinoma papilar es el más habitual, y los carcinomas foliculares verdaderos son, por el contrario, bastante raros y se asocian al bocio endémico, a alteraciones genéticas y al incremento de los niveles de TSH. Sus características morfológicas son particulares y ayudan a su diagnóstico, el cual ha sido redefinido recientemente. Describiremos el caso de una adolescente de 13 años con carcinoma folicular de tiroides mínimamente invasivo, con nódulo tiroideo hipocaptante en el polo inferior del lóbulo izquierdo, de 6 meses de evolución. La punción aspiración con aguja fina demostró una lesión de células foliculares sospechosa de neoplasia. Se realizó lobectomía tiroidea, con reporte de carcinoma folicular mínimamente invasivo.

Thyroid carcinomas are rare during childhood and adolescence. They have increased recently probably due to a higher frequency radiation over the head, neck and mediastinum. The papillary carcinoma is the most common and true follicular carcinoma is far less common. Follicular thyroid carcinoma is associated with endemic goiter, genetic disorders, and increased TSH levels. Its morphological characteristics are peculiar and have been recently redefined, thus helping the diagnosis. A minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma in 13 years old girl is described, presenting a hypocaptant thyroid nodule in the left lobe lower pole. The fine needle aspiration biopsy revealed a follicular cell lesion suspicious of malignancy. Thyroid lobectomy was performed reporting minimally invasive follicular carcinoma.

Perfil dos pacientes com câncer diferenciado de tireoide em acompanhamentono ambulatório de Endocrinologia do Hospital Universitário de Florianópolis

Objetivo: O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar o perfil clínico epidemiológico dos pacientes com câncer diferenciado de tireoide atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Florianópolis (HU-UFSC). Métodos: Tratou-se de estudo descritivo, realizado através da análise de prontuários. Incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer diferenciado de tireoide, em acompanhamento no Serviço de Endocrinologia de Hospital Universitário em consulta de setembro de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. Considerou-se: idade ao diagnóstico, sexo, história familiar de câncer de tireoide, citologia pré-operatória (PAAF), histologia, tamanho tumoral,tipo de tireoidectomia; dose de I131, PCI (pesquisa de corpo inteiro), diagnóstico de hipoparatireoidismo póscirúrgico, níveis de tireoglobulina, anticorpo anti-tireoglobulina e TSH. Resultados: Foram avaliados 50 pacientes, sendo 92% mulheres. A média de idade foi de 48,5 anos. A prevalência de carcinoma papilífero e folicular foi de 92% e 8%, respectivamente. Hipoparatireoidismo ocorreu em 20% dos pacientes, sendo 8% permanente. Detectou-se evidência de doença ativa em 24% dos pacientes. Conclusões: Em nosso meio, o câncer de tireoide diferenciado é mais frequente em mulheres, sendo o papilífero o mais comum. O hipoparatireoidismo pós-cirúrgico definitivo é uma complicação importante encontrada em 8% dos casos.

Objective: The research aimed to determine the clinical and epidemiological profile in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer assisted at the University Hospital (HU-UFSC). Methods: The study was descriptive study by analysis of medical records. Included patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and followed at the Endocrinology Service of University Hospital from September 2009 to February 2010. Was considered: age at diagnosis, sex, family history of thyroid cancer, preoperative thyroid aspiration cytology, histology, tumor size, type of thyroidectomy, the dose of I131, whole body scan, post-surgical hypoparathyroidism, thyroglobulin, antithyroglobulin antibodies and TSH level. Results: We evaluated 50 patients, 92% women. The mean age was 48.5 years. The prevalence of papillary and follicular carcinoma was 92% and 8% respectively. Hypoparathyroidism occurred in 20% of patients, 8%permanent. Was detected evidence of active disease in 24% of patients. Conclusions: In our research, differentiated thyroid cancer is more common in women, with the papillary the most common. The post-surgical hypoparathyroidism is an important complication found in 8% of cases.

PET imaging in differentiated thyroid cancer: where does it fit and how do we use it?

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a rapidly evolving imaging modality that has gained widespread acceptance in oncology, with several radionuclides applicable to thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer patients have been studied most commonly using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET, with perhaps the greatest utility being the potential localization of tumor in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients who are radioiodine whole body scan (WBS) negative and thyroglobulin (Tg) positive. Also of value is the identification of patients unlikely to benefit from additional 131I therapy and identification of patients at highest risk of disease-specific mortality, which may prompt more aggressive therapy or enrollment in clinical trials. Emerging data suggest that PET/CT fusion studies provide increased accuracy and modify the treatment plan in a significant number of DTC cases when compared to PET images alone. However, studies documenting improvements in survival and tumor recurrence attributable to FDG-PET imaging in thyroid cancer patients are lacking. Specific case examples of thyroid cancer patients who appear to have benefited from FDG-PET imaging do exist, while less data are available in the setting of anaplastic or medullary thyroid carcinoma. This article reviews the utility and limitations of FDG-PET in DTC management, and offers practical recommendations.

Positron emission tomography (PET) é uma modalidade de imagem que vem evoluindo rapidamente e tem ganho ampla aceitação na oncologia em geral e no câncer da tiróide em particular, graças a uma série de radionuclídeos. Pacientes com doenças da tiróide têm sido estudados principalmente com 18F-Fluorodeoxiglicose (FDG)-PET, cuja maior utilidade talvez seja a de poder localizar tumor em pacientes negativos na pesquisa de corpo inteiro e com tireoglobulina positiva. Também é útil na identificação de pacientes que não devem se beneficiar de terapia adicional com 131I e de pacientes de alto risco que podem se beneficiar de terapias mais agressivas ou testes clínicos com drogas alvo-dirigidas. Dados recentes sugerem que a fusão PET/CT aumenta a acurácia e modifica o plano terapêutico de um número significativo de casos de CDT comparada com as imagens de PET apenas. Entretanto, ainda não existem estudos que documentem melhora na sobrevida e na recorrência decorrentes da imagem por FDG-PET em pacientes com câncer da tiróide. Existem exemplos específicos de casos de CDT que aparentemente se beneficiaram do FDG-PET, mas há menos dados relativos ao carcinoma anaplásico ou ao medular. Este artigo revê a utilidade e as limitações do FDG-PET no tratamento do CDT e oferece recomendações práticas.

Nódulos com diagnóstico de padrão folicular: marcadores biológicos são o futuro? / Nodule diagnosed as follicular patterned lesion: are biomarkers the promise?

Com o uso da ultra-sonografia de alta resolução, a prevalência de nódulos tem aumentado e, conseqüentemente, o número de punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF), que é o método de escolha para diagnóstico inicial. Um dos maiores dilemas clínicos para o citologista é o diagnóstico diferencial das lesões foliculares comumente agrupadas na classe padrão folicular. Neste artigo de revisão, discutiremos quais são as lesões que podem ser assim classificadas e os marcadores moleculares, identificados por nós ou por outros grupos, que são capazes de distinguir as lesões benignas das malignas.

There are an increasing number of thyroid nodules found by ultrasound and sampled by fine needle aspiration (FNA). A clinical problem is the accurate distinction between benign and malignant forms of follicular lesion. In this review we discuss the thyroid lesions that are common sources of diagnostic error, and grouped together as follicular patterned lesion, and the molecular markers identified by us and others, and that are able to distinguish the benign from the malignant ones.

Ocurrencia simultánea de Carcinoma Tiroideo Papilar, folicular y medular en paciente con bocio recidivante.

Objetivos: Reportar el caso poco frecuente de una paciente de 49 años con bocio recidivante y presencia simultánea de tres tipos histológicos de cáncer tiroideo. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 49 años de edad, con presencia de bocio recidivante. Sin historia de irradiación de cabeza o cuello, ni otros antecedentes personales o familiares de neoplasias endocrinas u otras. Se realizó tiroidectomía subtotal en el año 1986 por entidad benigna, sin terapia sustitutiva con L-tiroxina. Consultó por bocio deformante con sintomatología compresiva e hipotiroidismo bioquímico (TSH:50uUI/mL y T4L:0.03 ng/dL). La PAF reportó probable carcinoma papilar. El ultrasonido tiroideo (UST) mostró recidiva de bocio multinodular de 16,8 cc de volumen, con múltiples adenomegalias cervicales laterales izquierdas. Se realizó TAC de cuello y tórax apreciándose: lesión lobulada en el lóbulo izquierdo con extensión al mediastino antero lateral. La RX de tórax fue normal. Se realizó tiroidectomía total con disección radical modificada del lado izquierdo del cuello y de los niveles del II al VI. La histología postoperatoria mostró: a) tiroiditis de Haschimoto, b) carcinoma mixto: área folicular, áreas papilares y áreas sólidas en las cuales destaca material rojo Congo positivo característico de amiloide compatible con carcinoma medular, c) ganglios cervicales izquierdos con metástasis de carcinoma de tiroides predominantemente medular y folicular, con pequeñas papilas d) ganglio mediastinal con metástasis de carcinoma folicular de tiroides. Se indicó terapia ablativa con 200 mCi de I131. La determinación de calcitonina sérica fue de 1.282 pg/mL y el UST posquirúrgico mostró LOE vascularizado retroesternal y para medial izquierdo. Ante la persistencia tumoral se planificó nueva cervicotomía para completar disección ganglionar del nivel VII, con hallazgos histológicos de carcinoma medular. Se indicó levotiroxine y cumplieron 30 sesiones de radioterapia. Calcitonina ...

Abstract Objectives: to report an unusual case of a 49 year old patient with recurrent goiter and the simultaneous presence of three types of histological thyroid cancer. Clinical Case: A 49 year old female patient, with the presence of recurrent goiter. There was no history of head or neck irradiation, nor a family or personal history of endocrine neoplasia or others. A subtotal thyroidectomy was preformed in 1986 for benign tumor, without medication of substitutive therapy with L-tiroxine. There was a recurrence of the goiter which was deformant with compressive symptoms and biochemical hypothyroidism (TSH:50uUI/mL and T4L:0.03 ng/dL), the fine needle aspiration biopsy reported possible papillary carcinoma. The thyroid ultrasound revealed a right thyroid lobe with volume greater than 16.8 cc, with multiple cervical lymph nodes to the left side with extensions to the lateral anterior mediastinum. The x-ray of the thorax was normal. A total thyroidectomy was performed with modified radical dissection to the left side of the neck of the levels II to VI. The histological results showed: a) Hashimoto thyroiditis, b) mixed carcinoma: follicular, papillary and solid areas with affinity for congo red dye which is characteristic of amyloid compatible with medullary carcinoma, c) left cervical lymph nodes with metastases of thyroid carcinoma predominantly medullary and follicular carcinoma and d) mediastinal lymph node metastases of follicular carcinoma of thyroid . Radioiodine therapy was performed with 200 mCi of I131. The serum calcitonin was 1282 pg/mL and post-surgical ultrasound of the thyroid showed vascularity and retroesternal LOE, since there was persistence of the tumor, a new cervicothomy was performed to complete the dissection of the lymph nodes from level VII, with histological findings of medullary carcinoma. Levothyroxine therapy was indicated and thirty sessions of radioactive therapy were completed, with levels of post-radioactive calcitonin of 30 pg/mL, TSH 0.3uUI/mL, T4L:1.8 ng/dL and Thyreoglobulin: 14 ng/dL. Conclusions: The simultaneous occurrence of thyroid carcinoma with different histological types in the same individual is a very rare situation. We present a case of papillary, medulary, and follicular carcinoma, all simultaneous in a recurrent goiter.

Carcinoma folicular de tireóide: estudo retrospectivo / Follicular thyroid carcinoma: retrospective study

OBJETIVOS: Abordar o diagnóstico, tratamento e evolução do carcinoma folicular da tireóide. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos dados de 38 pacientes submetidos à tireoidectomia por carcinoma folicular puro, num período de 10 anos no HC-FMUSP. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de três anos e três meses. Nove pacientes eram do sexo masculino (23,7 por cento) e 29 do sexo feminino (76,3 por cento), com idades entre 19 e 87 anos (média=49,5). RESULTADOS: Em 17 (58,6 por cento) dos doentes, observou-se nódulo único à ultra-sonografia, e 23 (79,3 por cento) tinham nódulos frios à cintilografia. Sintomatologia esteve presente em 33 pacientes (86,8 por cento). A punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF), realizada em 27 pacientes, revelou padrão folicular em 24 (88,9 por cento), carcinoma papilífero em 2 (7,4 por cento) e bócio em 1 (3,7 por cento). Tireoidectomia total foi o tratamento final em 34 pacientes e esvaziamento cervical foi realizado em três casos. Apenas 5 (13,1 por cento) obtiveram confirmação diagnóstica ao exame de congelação intra-operatória. Houve 2 (5,2 por cento) óbitos pela doença e 5 (13,1 por cento) pacientes apresentam-se vivos com doença. O aumento da tireoglobulina (TG) correlacionou-se com o aparecimento de metástase em 100 por cento dos casos. CONCLUSÕES: Concluímos que pacientes com carcinoma folicular de tireóide geralmente apresentam-se com nódulo único ou predominante ao primeiro exame, cuja PAAF é de padrão folicular. O exame de congelação raramente confirma o diagnóstico. Em nosso serviço, o tratamento de escolha é a tireoidectomia total, permitindo um seguimento mais adequado e confiável do paciente e prevenindo o crescimento de lesões subclínicas no lobo contralateral. A evolução geralmente é favorável.

BACKGROUND: Unlike papillary carcinoma, there are limited data regarding diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data on 38 patients submitted to thyroidectomy for exclusive follicular carcinoma over a 10 years period. Mean follow-up was 39 months (114 months the longest). Nine patients were males (23,7 percent) and 29 females (76,3 percent). Mean age was 49.5 (19 to 87 years). RESULTS: Thirty-three (86,8 percent) patients presented at least one symptom such as dyspnea, dysphagia or hoarseness. Seventeen (58,6 percent) patients had a solitary nodule shown by ultrasonography and 23 (79,3 percent) had "cold" nodules by scintigraphy. Twenty-seven patients underwent were submitted to fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA), which revealed a follicular neoplasm (benign or malignant) in 24 (88,9 percent) patients, goiter in 1(3,7 percent) and papillary carcinoma in 2 cases (7,4 percent). Total thyroidectomy was the final treatment in 34 patients and neck dissection operation was required in 3 cases. Only 13,1 percent of the patients were diagnosed as having follicular carcinoma by intraoperative frozen section. Two patients died from the tumor and 5 patients remain alive with the tumor all of them with distant metastasis. Elevation of serum levels of thyroglobulin correlated with metastasis in 100 percent of those cases. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that follicular thyroid carcinoma usually presents as a solitary nodule diagnosed as a follicular neoplasm by FNA biopsy. Intra-operatory frozen section rarely confirms the diagnosis. O treatment of choice for thyroid follicular cancer total thyroidectomy followed by complementary therapy (radioiodine therapy) if necessary. We advocate total thyroidectomy because it is assumited with a better follow-up and avoids growth of subclinical lesions on the opposite lobe. Outcome is good in the majority of cases.